The Duchess Of Malfi By John Webster an Example of the Topic Literature Essays by

The Duchess Of Malfi By John Webster The Duchess of Malfi is a work of genius that has placed John Webster firmly among the best playwrights in literature. It is a tragedy in the tradition of the Elizabethan revenge play but it considerably modifies and enriches that tradition. The central motif is revenge, but the revenge is not taken as a sacred duty but out of selfishness and vindictiveness. The motif for revenge is dishonorable and our sympathies tend to be towards the victim of the revenge rather than with the avengers. Webster was successful in making the revengers, the Cardinal and Duke Ferdinand, look repugnant and detestable, while the traditional revenger was always capable to rouse the admiration and sympathy of the audience. Here we admire the innocence and fortitude of the Duchess, and in proportion hate the two brothers as monsters of inequity. This gives the uniqueness and originality to the play. Need essay sample on "The Duchess Of Malfi By John Webster" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Like most of the other playwrights of his age, Webster too did not invent a story but found the same from a real sequel that was later historied by William Painter in his Palace of Pleasure (1567). The facts of the historical Duchess are as follows: in 1490 she married when she was twelve, and was widowed at the age of twenty. After Antonio Bolonga became her major-domo in 1504, she fell in love with him and secretly married him for which only her maid was a witness. This wedlock was revealed only after the birth of the first child and the arrival of the second caused rumors. When her brothers watched, Antonio took the children leaving her behind pregnant with a third. She was deserted by her household when she confessed about her marriage and after banishment, the Duchess, her children and her maid was taken to Malfi by her brothers and was never heard of again. University Students Often Tell EssayLab professionals: I'm not in the mood to write my paper. But I want to spend time with my girlfriend Professional writers suggest: College Essay Helper Best Website To Buy College Papers College Essay Writing Essays Online In characterization, The Duchess of Malfi is an immense advance over other contemporary plays. The Duchess, the central figure, is a stoical figure who bears misfortune with calm resignation and fortitude. Opposed to her and devout to destroy her are the three Machiavellian figures Duke Ferdinand, the Cardinal and Bosola. But the characters cannot be divided so easily into good or bad. They are beyond the implications of such a division as they are very intricate and puzzlingly complex. The wicked characters have some good in them. That is why Ferdinand goes mad seeing the face of his dead sister; even Bosola is moved and decides to avenge her death. The Duchess is one of the finest creations in Elizabethan drama; no other female character outside Shakespeare surpasses her in vividness and subtlety. Her persecution transforms and her despair renders her personality a lofty and stoic touch. The scene of the play is laid in Italy. The setting to the play is provided by contemporary Italian court life. It is the Italianate Hell. The courts are those of the small independent states into which Italy was divided at the time. They are dominated by dukes and cardinals who are surrounded by their dependents, mistresses and spies. This world when combined with ambition, revenge and lust, motivate deeds of sensational violence. These are usually elaborately planned by those who perpetrate them. Disguise may give the murderer access to his prey; poison may be administered so unobtrusively that none suspects a crime within; the murderer may commence operations by subjecting his victim to an ordeal designed to break the spirit; or he may even try to engineer the victims eternal damnation. There is absolutely no element of surprise in the characters being occasionally haunted, or believed to be haunted, by the ghosts of the perished ones, and that some characters collapse into utter madness. Webster, in this play, shows forth a world that is replete with luxuriousness, deceit, ruthlessness, passion, viciousness and subtleness. Functional imagery adds to the gloomy atmosphere of the play. The most important image that dominates the play can be identified as prison or trap that indicates confinement. In hiring Bosola to spy on their sister, the Cardinal and Ferdinand are setting a trap; and as men trap wild creatures in order to kill them, so the Duchess, if trapped will be killed. The Duchess secret marriage is literally confined within the walls of her chamber, and in this sense as Cardinal says: The marriage night Is the entrance to some prison. The marriage symbolizes a prison in another sense too, for the Duchess, movements and emotions are restricted as those of a prisoner. Physical corruption is suggested by diseases such as leprosy and consumption. There are frequent references to poison and some to magic and witchcraft. Animal imagery is frequent in the play, and is an expression of the degeneration and corruption of man. It suggests the element of bestiality in man. The element of a true story will be enhanced by catchy dialogues. Websters dialogue is undoubtedly dramatic and appropriate. It is light and discontinuous, rapid or deliberate, as the situation demands. The light and the discontinuous line and the occasional, momentary regularity create a style wholly appropriate to a drama of interplay between passion and conscious thought, contrasts of appearance and truth, and inter-relationships of characters who often try to live only for themselves. Webster wished to show a fragmentary and disordered world and at the same time to suggest that there is a fixed order at the back of things. The dramatic dialogue both orders and disorders continuity and disruption. The story of the Duchess of Malfi, the main plot, and the story of Julia, the sub-plot, is skillfully interlinked to form a single whole. First, the same characters figure in the two stories and, second, there are strong parallelisms and contrasts between the sexual behaviors of the two women mentioned. Besides the indomitable skill in plot construction, the dramatist has succeeded in contriving a number of scenes and situations whose effectiveness on the stage can never be questioned. Undoubtedly the play represents the age in which it was born which characterized the publics disillusionment with the human condition, the loss of confidence in mans aspirations and the haunting dread of death. Bibliography Drabble, Margaret. (ed) Duchess of Malfi, The" The Oxford Companion to English Literature. Oxford University Press, 2000. Foakes, R.A., Shakespeare and violence, Cambridge University Press, 2003, pg-9. Fox, Timothy.

Informative Essay Sample on the Novella Heart of Darkness Underlying Ideas

Informative Essay Sample on the Novella Heart of Darkness Underlying Ideas While in England between 1898 and 1899, Joseph Conrad wrote the novella Heart of Darkness. Taking place during the height of European imperialism in Africa, Heart of Darkness follows the journey up the Congo River of Marlow, a steamboat captain. Marlow comes to Africa to escape the strict confines of European society. Marlow is very idealistic, and during his travels up the Congo, he is eager to prove that there is some good to the European presence in Africa. Although Marlow looks for signs of the good of imperialism, he finds none. Because of this, Marlow is eager to meet with Kurtz, another trader in the Congo. Marlow is so eager to meet with Kurtz because he believes Kurtz is the man the will prove to him that there is good in the European presence in Africa. However, as Marlow journeys up the Congo, viewing the effects of European imperialism on Africa, he realizes that there is no good in the presence of Europeans; furthermore, he is exposed to his own heart of darkness that he has seen in all the other Europeans in Africa. Joseph Conrad was inspired to write Heart of Darkness because of a journey through the Congo early in the 1890’s. Heart of Darkness deals with European imperialism in Africa during the 1890’s. During this time, Africa was the property of King Leopold II of Belgium. Leopold believed that his mission statement was to reduce the barbarism of the African people by bring civilization to the African people. For most Europeans, the continent of Africa was the Dark Continent because the people of Africa were considered to be uncivilized, uneducated, lacking a real government, and lacking any culture. Europeans considered it their duty to bring all that the Africans lacked in culture and civilization to the continent; thus, imperialism in Africa began. Conrad explores the heart of darkness through the Protagonist of the novel: Marlow. As Marlow journeys up the Congo River, viewing the atrocities of European imperialism on the African people, the reader realizes what the heart of darkness is. The heart of darkness is in the heart of every person where each person is faced with his or her true and often inherently evil nature. A person’s encounter with their own heart of darkness is almost always brought about by a person’s own immoral actions that allows them to see the true nature of themselves or others. As Marlow journeys up the Congo, he sees European society’s heart of darkness, and he realizes that European imperialism is not the selfless mission for the civilization of the African continent, but rather a mission of exploitation based greed and ambition in the hearts of Europeans in the Congo. Marlow comes to Africa because he feels very separated from the imperialism in Africa; furthermore, Marlow has heard what the critics say about imperialism in Africa. When he goes to Africa, he is very idealistic about the European presence there despite some of the stories he has heard. From the beginning of his journey, Marlow is confronted with the insanity of imperialism in Africa when he sees a French ship repeatedly shelling a spot of forested coast for no apparent reason saying, â€Å"Nothing happened. Nothing could happen. There was a touch of insanity in the proceeding, a sense of lugubrious drollery in the sight; and it was not dissipated by somebody on board assuring me earnestly there was a camp of nativehe called them enemies!hidden out of sight somewhere.† Pg. 11 As Marlow continues his way up the Congo River, he encounters decay and death at an alarming rate. He was overwhelmed by the horror of the death and destruction he sees: It is here that Marlow first enco unters the heart of darkness and slowly begins to realize what it is. Marlow is once again faced with this overwhelming sense of decay and death when he reaches the outer station of the company, he encounters a group of native African people who have basically been enslaved in a chain gang; furthermore, he sees that also the Europeans are suffering as well: disease, biting insects, and outrageous heat. This scene at the outer station is an important one because it shows that not only is the African people suffering because of imperialism, but so are the Europeans as well. Basically, no one is reaping any real advantages from the European presence in Africa. During a ten-day wait at the outer station, Marlow is first told about Kurtz. After being exposed to an overwhelming amount of evidence against imperialism, Marlow is now introduced to the idea of man doing good for the people of the Dark Continent. Marlow realizes this; thus, he has a strong desire to locate and talked to Kurtz in hopes of seeing first hand the good that Kurtz does for the people of the dark continent. A Marlow travels up the Congo River, he is being exposed more and more to the savagery, this heart of darkness, which all the Europeans in Africa seem to posses. For example, Marlow overhears a conversation between the Manager of that company and his uncle about the condition of Kurtz. Marlow discovers that these men wish to hang Kurtz and are discussing ways in which to accomplish this. They wish to hang Kurtz in order to level the competition in their favor because â€Å"anything can be done in this country.† These two men, both civilized at first glance, posses these savage and primal tendencies. Marlow sees this and is once again exposed to the heart of darkness that man possesses. Conrad does an excellent job of conveying this savagery and animal actions when he has Marlow describe the uncle of the manager’s mannerisms during the conversation saying, extend his short flipper of an arm for a gesture. . .that seemed to beckon with a dishonoring flourish before the su nlit face of the land a treacherous appeal to the lurking death, to the hidden evil, to the profound darkness of its heart. (Pg.27) As Marlow continues up the river to find Kurtz, the signs of European society were replaced by a more primal and savage feeling. I believe this to be a metaphor for the heart of darkness: A person may look civilized on the surface, but as you further explore them, you begin to see that they are truly savage at heart. Once Marlow reaches Kurtz’s station, he encounters a young man. The young man tells Marlow about Kurtz’s tendency to wander off into the forest alone, raiding nearby villages for ivory and gaining the loyalty of the natives. The young man also confided in Marlow that Kurtz had almost shot him once for some ivory saying, â€Å"He declared he would shoot me unless I gave him the ivory and then cleared out of the country, because he could do so, and had a fancy for it, and there was nothing on earth to prevent him killing whom he jolly well pleased.† (Pg.50) With this description by the young man of Kurtz, Marlow’s hope’s of finding the presence of good in European imperialism is Africa is crushed. The situation of Marlow being told of Kurtz reputation as a good man and now seeing that he too has been corrupted and has done terrible things to the African people is another metaphor for the heart of darkness that Conrad places in the book. After arriving at Kurtz station, Kurtz in taken aboard Marlow’s ship, and the two meet and speak for the first time. Later that night, Marlow tracks Kurtz off the ship and finds him watching some kind of tribal ceremony. Marlow trys to get Kurtz to come back to the boat, but as he looks at Kurtz alone in the wilderness he comments that he realizes that because Kurtz had been alone in the wilderness, his soul was alone and had gone mad; furthermore, Marlow realizes that his soul has this very same feeling to it. At this moment, Marlow comes to the realization that he too has his own heart of darkness. The next night, as the ship sailed down the Congo, Marlow witnesses Kurtz’s death. As Kurtz died he said, â€Å"The horror, the horror.†( pg.62) I believe this quote is a commentary on what man can do when not inhibited by society’s restrictions. In the case of Kurtz, society was willing to over-look any of his more questionable actions because Kurtz supplied them with ivory. When Kurtz says these words on his deathbed, he is speaking to the atrocities man can commit when there are no restrictions placed on him by society. Marlow comes to Africa with the hope of seeing the good of European Imperialism first hand. Instead, Marlow is exposed to the heart of darkness: a primal and savage instinct that all man posses, yet is never truly exposed unless the circumstances are correct. As Marlow journeys up the Congo, his encounters with the heart of darkness become more frequent and powerful. Through the novel, he battles his own heart of darkness until he finally gives into it at the end of the novel. Through Kurtz’s death, Kurtz was able to say something true about the mess that human life has become: The horror! The horror! Because of Kurtz, Marlow was able to look into the darkness that Kurtz had gotten lost in, and learn from that darknesswhether this was beneficial or harmful is an uncertainty.