Types Of Personality What Really Happened - 1137 Words

Types of Personality When I went to school today I went to go over by my friends, and as they were talking I realized that they were all telling something different. One was telling a story about how she saran wrapped a car last night, which was a lie, she would never do that in her life. One was explaining how she thought this one girl’s outfit was ugly. She was not wrong. The last one was telling a story about how in class they were playing a review game for a test and she knew every answer. When I listen to all of these stories I can only think of what really happened. I do not say anything because I know that them telling these stories are just a part of their personality and there is nothing I could do about it. I could, I guess†¦show more content†¦Kind of like when you hear someone say they are going to the gym to lose weight and for the first week the gym is packed and then people slowly start to not show up. A personality identifies a person in their own unique way and each person has their own personality. You will never find a person with the same personality as you, the same interests, the same opinions, the same likes, the same dislikes. You would not even find any twins that have the same personality, so why are we categorized into different personality types if it will never be accurate to anyone? As you think of what your own personality is you may start to wonder what other people think your personality is. Some may think your personality is quiet and reliable. They are the ones that do not know you that well. Then you have the people that think you are outgoing and fearless. They are usually your friends or people that are close to you. People use all sorts of examples when they define personality, from the way we think and act. Webster has a more definite meaning of the word personality: 1. The set of emotional qualities, ways of behaving, etc., that makes a person different from other people. 2. Attractive qualities (such as energy, friendliness, and humor) that make a person interesting or pleasant to be with. A definite definition like this implies that there are many ways to

Analysis Of Mullen Rhoadsrbtm7109-2 Develop And Apply A...

Mullen-RhoadsRBTM7109-2: Develop and Apply a Personal Toolkit To develop a personal toolkit for critiquing research article, critical thinking that imposes intellectual standards will be the fundamental strategy employed (Elder Paul, 2008; â€Å"Public Library,† 2013). Critical thinking will be employed to minimize bias from the literature review, which should provide a more solid springboard for the dissertation process. The intellectual standards that will be employed are clarity, accuracy, precision, relevance, depth, and breadth. Critical thinking should result in crucial questions and issues for potential research and the ability to articulate them clearly and accurately (Elder Paul, 2008; â€Å"Public library,† 2013). In addition, before initiating a literature review, the focus, type, scope and academic discipline of articles will be determined (â€Å"Strategies for Writing,† n.d.). Focus will consider the thesis, predicament, or research question t hat will be researched. Type will determine if the search will highlight theory, methodology, or the kind of study, that is, qualitative or quantitative research. Scope will establish sources that will be considered such a range of research dates. Choosing an academic discipline such as business or psychology will help focus the search on literature germane to the dissertation goal (â€Å"Strategies for Writing,† n.d.). Part I: A List of Questions The first set of questions will consider factors that affect the credibility of

Mice and Men Friendship Between George and Lennie

Question: Discuss about theMice and Men for Friendship Between George and Lennie. Answer: Relationship Between George and Lennie In the first chapter of the play, Mice and Men, the relationship between George and Lennie is quite difficult to judge. However, the depth of the friendship became understandable eventually by keeping pace with the play sequences. In order to judge the friendship depending on the first chapter, it will highlight the obligations reflected through the carelessness of Lennie. However, George was shown to be much caring in such aspect. Therefore, it can be interpreted that the relationship is quite similar to the sibling relations where the older brother is taking care of his younger brother[1]. The care and concerns of George towards Lennie become much prominent through the line: ...if I was alone, I could live so easy. I could go get a job anwork, anno trouble. No mess at all, and when the end of the month come I could take my fifty bucks and go into town and get whatever I want. Why, I could stay in a cat house all night. I could eat any place I want, hotel or any place, and order any damn thing I could think of... An Whatta I got,... I got you!... You keep me in hot water all the time[2]. The statement presented by George was quite like the complaints derived from the older brother. However, after hearing such words from George, Lennie wished to know whether he should stay or go away. George kept himself calm and felt ashamed for his behaviour. He then asked Lennie, where the hell could you go? This remark hurt Lennie even more. However, understanding his feeling, George added the following statement: I want you to stay with me, Lennie. Jesus Christ, somebodyd shoot you for a coyote if you was by yourself. No you stay with me. Your Aunt Clara wouldnt like you running off by yourself, even if she is dead. Such statement presented by George is signifying the caring attributes and responsibility towards Lennie. It is also to be noted that the George is quite offended and irritated with Lennie, but at the same time he is much responsible towards him. The child like nature of Lennie has made George much fond of him[3]. On the other hand, Lennie have alwayd been dreamt of having an older brother and a true friend like George. Therefore, it is noticed that even if there are so much of fights like other siblings, they care about each other and need each others company as well. The care that Lennie receive from George is quite motivating for him[4]. On the other side, George also likes Lennies childish behaviour as his own younger brother. Lennies presence gives George the reason to live[5]. Hence, when Lennie asked if he should go away, George firmly rejected his idea of leaving him. In order to live a live, people need the support of others, especially the supports of friends are required. It is noted that at some point of time, people need someone to share their dreams and to talk[6]. In case of both George and Lennie, it is seen that both had no one in their family. Lennie had an aunt and after her he was the responsibility of George. Therefore, it can be inferred that both give each other the reason for holding on to their lives. In this play, George is portrayed as the parental figure whereas the childish nature of Lennie is highlighted much prominently. The differences between their physical appearances are also judged through the play sequences. The structure of Lennie is illustrated as a bear, which has huge figure and shapeless face. The juxtaposition of these two characters is signifying the contrasting scenario. It leaves the different image of the characters on readers minds[7]. At the first chapter, several obligations are found between these two characters. The fights like siblings and eventually it turns out to be the most caring and motivating relationships[8]. However, while evaluating the relationship between George and Lennie, the external influential factors are needed to be concentrated more specifically. During the depressive scenario, the bonding of the friendship between these two people has become much prominent. Both of them are shown to be as the struggler for money since they work in f arms. On the other hand, the similarities found between them as they both stay alone and need each other. George sacrificed his job stability and the independence he could ever get in order to live with Lennie. It generally reflects the true bonding between these two characters. It is even generally portraying the string friendship between them and it reflects eventually depending on the different situations. Even though there are no family relation between these two fellows, but the bonding of togetherness made them true friends. They are found to travel together, work together, and dream together. They even enjoy their companionship, which has made them stay together leaving all comforts. They both dream of having a dream of owning a farm together. However, the different scenario portrayed in the play is suggesting the hardships that have to face in every days life. Therefore, it is quite evident that their relationship is of a true bonding of friendship[9]. Even after the heavy criticisms, they cannot even stay without each other. The parenting figure, George, maintains his responsibility towards Lennie as promised to lennies aunt. On the other hand, the Lennie feel safe being with George since he can share his dream and feel protected staying with him. This companionship and the exchange of feelings are the true sign of real friendship, which have been reflecting throughout the play[1 0]. They share the relationship of fights, siblings, friends, and dreamers, which is hardly recognised in normal friendship. Eventually, when the plots unfold, the signs of their true friendship reveal accordingly. Hence, it can be inferred that their relationship in this play reflects the true sense of friendship. References "An Analysis of the Friendship between George and Lennie in the Novel Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck | Kibin". in , , 2016, https://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/an-analysis-of-the-friendship-between-george-and-lennie-in-the-novel-of-mice-and-men-by-john-steinbeck-NrSq4IMo [accessed 27 October 2016]. "How does george and lennie show friendship | Of Mice and Men Questions | Q A". in , , 2016, https://www.gradesaver.com/of-mice-and-men/q-and-a/how-does-george-and-lennie-show-friendship-55137 [accessed 27 October 2016]. "InOf Mice and Men, isthe relationship between George and Lennie one of friendship, or obligation on George's part?What evidence can you find to... | eNotes". in , , 2016, https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/relationship-between-george-and-lennie-one-174073 [accessed 27 October 2016]. Of mice and men revision guide , , 2016, https://www.icknield.beds.sch.uk/documents/study/english/miceandmen/ofmiceandmenrevisionguide.pdf [accessed 27 October 2016]. Friendship in Steinbeck's of mice and men, , 2016, https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/zi9vfeml2qdx/Look_at_the_Relationship_Between_George_and_Lenny_in_the_Novel_of_Mice_and_Men.pdf [accessed 27 October 2016]. Murphy, W.J., 2013. Of mice and men.Biol Blood Marrow Transplant,19(8), pp.1140-1. OfMiceandMen,,2016,https://www.haverstock.camden.sch.uk/_includes/attachments/P101/SamplepagesfromnewOfMiceandMenYorkNotesforGCSEedition.pdf [accessed 27 October 2016]. Radolf, J.D., Caimano, M.J., Stevenson, B. and Hu, L.T., 2012. Of ticks, mice and men: understanding the dual-host lifestyle of Lyme disease spirochaetes.Nature reviews microbiology,10(2), pp.87-99. Stoskopf, M, "Of mice and men". in Lab Animal, 41, 2012, 223-223. The Relationship between George and Lennie in Of Mice and Men https://www.grin.com/en/e-book/13033/the-relationship-between-george-and-lennie-in-of-mice-and-men

Managerial Finance Essay Example

Managerial Finance Paper CHAPTER 15 MANAGING CURRENT ASSETS (Difficulty: E = Easy, M = Medium, and T = Tough) Multiple Choice: Conceptual Easy: Working capitalAnswer: c Diff: E [i]. Other things held constant, which of the following will cause an increase in working capital? a. Cash is used to buy marketable securities. b. A cash dividend is declared and paid. c. Merchandise is sold at a profit, but the sale is on credit. d. Long-term bonds are retired with the proceeds of a preferred stock issue. e. Missing inventory is written off against retained earnings. Working capitalAnswer: d Diff: E N [ii]. Which of the following statements is most correct? a. The current ratio is calculated as net working capital divided by current liabilities. b. Gross working capital represents current assets used in operations. c. Net working capital is defined as current assets minus current liabilities. d. Statements b and c are correct. e. Statements a, b, and c are correct. Cash conversion cycleAnswer: b Diff: E [iii]. Helena Furnishings wants to sharply reduce its cash conversion cycle. Which of the following steps would reduce its cash conversion cycle? a. The company increases its average inventory without increasing its sales. . The company reduces its DSO. c. The company starts paying its bills sooner, which reduces its average accounts payable without reducing its sales. d. Statements a and b are correct. e. All of the statements above are correct. Cash budgetAnswer: e Diff: E [iv]. Which of the following is typically part of the cash budget? a. Payments lag. b. Payment for plant construct ion. c. Cumulative cash. d. Statements a and c are correct. e. All of the above statements are correct. Cash budgetAnswer: a Diff: E [v]. Which of the following statements concerning the cash budget is correct? a. We will write a custom essay sample on Managerial Finance specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Managerial Finance specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Managerial Finance specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Depreciation expense is not explicitly included, but depreciation effects are implicitly included in estimated tax payments. b. Cash budgets do not include financial expenses such as interest and dividend payments. c. Cash budgets do not include cash inflows from long-term sources such as bond issues. d. Statements a and b are correct. e. Statements a and c are correct. Cash budgetAnswer: d Diff: E [vi]. Which of the following items should a company explicitly include in its monthly cash budget? a. Its monthly depreciation expense. b. Its cash proceeds from selling one of its divisions. c. Interest paid on its bank loans. d. Statements b and c are correct. e. All of the statements above are correct. Cash managementAnswer: a Diff: E [vii]. Which of the following statements is most correct? a. A cash management system that minimizes collections float and maximizes disbursement float is better than one with higher collections float and lower disbursement float. b. A cash management system that maximizes collections float and minimizes disbursement float is better than one with lower collections float and higher disbursement float. c. The use of a lockbox is designed to minimize cash theft losses. If the cost of the lockbox is less than theft losses saved, then the lockbox should be installed. d. Other things held constant, a firm will need a smaller line of credit if it can arrange to pay its bills by the 5th of each month than if its bills come due uniformly during the month. e. None of the statements above is correct. Cash managementAnswer: d Diff: E [viii]. Which of the following statements about current asset management is most correct? a. A positive net float means that a company has more cash available for its use than the amount shown in the company’s books. b. Use of a lockbox reduces the possibility that petty cash will be lost. c. Depreciation has an impact on the cash budget. d. Statements a and c are correct. e. All of the statements above are correct. Cash managementAnswer: e Diff: E [ix]. Which of the following statements is most correct? a. A good cash management system would minimize disbursement float and maximize collections float. b. If a firm begins to use a well-designed lockbox system, this will reduce its customers’ net float. c. In the early 1980s, the prime interest rate hit a high of 21 percent. In 2000 the prime rate was considerably lower. That sharp interest rate decline has increased firms’ concerns about the efficiency of their cash management programs. d. If a firm can get its customers to permit it to pay by wire transfers rather than having to write checks, this will increase its net float and thus reduce its required cash balances. e. A firm that has such an efficient cash management system that it has positive net float can have a negative checkbook balance at most times and still not have its checks bounce. LockboxAnswer: d Diff: E [x]. A lockbox plan is a. A method for safe-keeping of marketable securities. b. Used to identify inventory safety stocks. c. A system for slowing down the collection of checks written by a firm. d. A system for speeding up a firm’s collections of checks received. e. Not described by any of the statements above. Marketable securitiesAnswer: a Diff: E [xi]. Which of the following is not a situation that might lead a firm to hold marketable securities? a. The firm has purchased a fixed asset that will require a large write-off of depreciable expense. b. The firm must meet a known financial commitment, such as financing an ongoing construction project. c. The firm must finance seasonal operations. . The firm has just sold long-term securities and has not yet invested the proceeds in earning assets. e. None of the statements above is correct. (All of the situations might lead the firm to hold marketable securities. ) Monitoring receivablesAnswer: b Diff: E [xii]. Analyzing days sales outstanding (DSO) and the aging schedule are two common methods for monitorin g receivables. However, they can provide erroneous signals to credit managers when a. Customers’ payments patterns are changing. b. Sales fluctuate seasonally. c. Some customers take the discount and others do not. d. Sales are relatively constant, either seasonally or cyclically. e. None of the statements above is correct. Credit policyAnswer: e Diff: E [xiii]. Which of the following is not commonly regarded as being a credit policy variable? a. Credit period. b. Collection policy. c. Credit standards. d. Cash discounts. e. All of the statements above are credit policy variables. Credit policyAnswer: d Diff: E [xiv]. If easing a firm’s credit policy lengthens the collection period and results in a worsening of the aging schedule, then why do firms take such actions? a. It normally stimulates sales. b. To meet competitive pressures. c. To increase the firm’s deferral period for payables. d. Statements a and b are correct. e. All of the statements above are correct. Inventory managementAnswer: d Diff: E [xv]. In the text, the â€Å"red-line method† refers to a. The policy of drawing a red line around certain neighborhoods on a map and then refusing to sell on credit to people who live within those areas. b. Restrictions imposed by companies that insure credit risks. c. The use in Dun Bradstreet’s reports of a red line to show the maximum amount of credit that should be extended to a given customer; ompanies using this limit when they screen customers’ orders are said to be using the â€Å"red-line method. † d. A method of controlling inventories by drawing a red line on the inside of a bin. e. A method of controlling receivables by drawing a red line on invoices of companies that are expected to pay late. Inventory managementAnswer: e Diff: E [xvi ]. Which of the following might be attributed to efficient inventory management? a. High inventory turnover ratio. b. Low incidence of production schedule disruptions. c. High total assets turnover. d. Statements a and c are correct. e. All of the statements above are correct. Miscellaneous working capital conceptsAnswer: e Diff: E N [xvii]. Which of the following statements is most correct? a. Working capital management involves both setting working capital policy and carrying out that policy in day-to-day operations. b. The aging schedule is the cycle in which a firm purchases inventory, sells goods on credit, and then collects accounts receivable. c. The best and most comprehensive picture of a firm’s liquidity position is shown by its cash budget, which forecasts cash inflows and outflows. d. Statements a, b, and c are correct. e. Statements a and c are correct. Medium: Cash conversion cycleAnswer: d Diff: M [xviii]. Ignoring cost and other effects on the firm, which of the following measures would tend to reduce the cash conversion cycle? a. Maintain the level of receivables as sales decrease. b. Buy more raw materials to take advantage of price breaks. c. Take discounts when offered. d. Forgo discounts that are currently being taken. e. Offer a longer deferral period to customers. Cash conversion cycleAnswer: d Diff: M [xix]. Which of the following actions are likely to reduce the length of a company’s cash conversion cycle? a. Adopting a new inventory system that reduces the inventory conversion period. b. Reducing the average days sales outstanding (DSO) on its accounts receivable. c. Reducing the amount of time the company takes to pay its suppliers. d. Statements a and b are correct. e. All of the statements above are correct. Cash balancesAnswer: c Diff: M [xx]. Which of the following statements is most correct? a. The cash balances of most firms consist of transactions, compensating, precautionary, and speculative balances. The total desired cash balance can be determined by calculating the amount needed for each purpose and then summing them together. . The easier a firm’s access to borrowed funds the higher its precautionary balances will be, in order to protect against sudden increases in interest rates. c. For some firms, holding highly liquid marketable securities is a substitute for holding cash because the marketable securities accomplish the same objective as cash. d. Firms today are mo re likely to rely on cash than on reserve borrowing power or marketable securities for speculative purposes because of the need to move quickly. e. None of the statements above is correct. Cash budgetAnswer: e Diff: M [xxi]. Which of the following statements is most correct? . Shorter-term cash budgets, in general, are used primarily for planning purposes, while longer-term budgets are used for actual cash control. b. The cash budget and the capital budget are planned separately and although they are both important to the firm, they are independent of each other. c. Since depreciation is a non-cash charge, it does not appear on nor have an effect on the cash budget. d. The target cash balance is set optimally such that it need not be adjusted for seasonal patterns and unanticipated fluctuations in receipts, although it is changed to reflect long-term changes in the firm’s operations. . The typical actual cash budget will reflect interest on loans and income from investment of surplus cash. These numbers are expected values and actual results might turn out different. Cash managementAnswer: e Diff: M [xxii]. A lockbox plan is most beneficial to firms that a. Send payables over a wide geographic area. b. Have widely disbursed manufacturing facilities. c. Have a large marketable securities account to protect. d. Hold inventories at many different sites. e. Make collections over a wide geographic area. Marketable securities portfolioAnswer: d Diff: M [xxiii]. Which of the following statement completions is most correct? If the yield curve is upward sloping, then a firm’s marketable securities portfolio, assumed to be held for liquidity purposes, should be a. Weighted toward long-term securities because they pay higher rates. b. Weighted toward short-term securities because they pay higher rates. c. Weighted toward U. S. Treasury securities to avoid interest rate risk. d. Weighted toward short-term securities to avoid interest rate risk. e. Balanced between long- and short-term securities to minimize the effects of either an upward or a downward trend in interest rates. FloatAnswer: a Diff: M [xxiv]. Which of the following statements is most correct? a. Poor synchronization of cash flows that results in high cash management costs can be partially offset by increasing disbursement float and decreasing collections float. b. The size of a firm’s net float is primarily a function of its natural cash flow synchronization and how it clears its checks. c. Lockbox systems are used mainly for security purposes as well as to decrease the firm’s net float. d. If a firm can speed up its collections and slow down its disbursements, it will be able to reduce its net float. . A firm practicing good cash management and making use of positive net float will bring its check book balance as close to zero as possible, but must never generate a negative book balance. Compensating balancesAnswer: c Diff: M [xxv]. Which of the following statements is most correct? a. Compensating balance requirements apply only to businesses, not to individuals. b. Compensat ing balances are essentially costless to most firms, because those firms would normally have such funds on hand to meet transactions needs anyway. c. If the required compensating balance is larger than the transactions balance the firm would ordinarily hold, then the effective cost of any loan requiring such a balance is increased. d. Banks are prohibited from earning interest on the funds they force businesses to keep as compensating balances. e. None of the statements above is correct. Receivables managementAnswer: b Diff: M [xxvi]. Which of the following statements is most correct? a. A firm that makes 90 percent of its sales on credit and 10 percent for cash is growing at a rate of 10 percent annually. If the firm maintains stable growth it will also be able to maintain its accounts receivable at its current level, since the 10 percent cash sales can be used to manage the 10 percent growth rate. b. In managing a firm’s accounts receivable it is possible to increase credit sales per day yet still keep accounts receivable fairly steady if the firm can shorten the length of its collection period. c. If a firm has a large percentage of accounts over 30 days old, it is a sign that the firm’s receivables management needs to be reviewed and improved. d. Since receivables and payables both result from sales transactions, a firm with a high receivables-to-sales ratio should also have a high payables-to-sales ratio. e. None of the statements above is correct. Credit policy and seasonal datingAnswer: b Diff: M [xxvii]. Which of the following statements is most correct? a. If credit sales as a percentage of a firm’s total sales increases, and the volume of credit sales also increases, then the firm’s accounts receivable will automatically increase. b. It is possible for a firm to overstate profits by offering very lenient credit terms that encourage additional sales to financially â€Å"weak† firms. A major disadvantage of such a policy is that it is likely to increase uncollectible accounts. c. A firm with excess production capacity and relatively low variable costs would not be inclined to extend more liberal credit terms to its customers than a firm with similar costs that is operating close to capacity. d. Firms use seasonal dating primarily to decrease their DSO. e. Seasonal dating with terms 2/15, net 30 days, with April 1 dating, means that if the original sale took place on February 1st, the customer can take the discount up until March 15th, but must pay the net invoice amount by April 1st. DSO and aging scheduleAnswer: c Diff: M [xxviii]. Which of the following statements is most correct? a. If a firm’s volume of credit sales declines then its DSO will also decline. b. If a firm changes its credit terms from 1/20, net 40 days, to 2/10, net 60 days, the impact on sales can’t be determined because the increase in the discount is offset by the longer net terms, which tends to reduce sales. c. The DSO of a firm with seasonal sales can vary. While the sales per day figure is usually based on the total annual sales, the accounts receivable balance will be high or low depending on the season. d. An aging schedule is used to determine what portion of customers pay cash and what portion buy on credit. e. Aging schedules can be constructed from the summary data provided in the firm’s financial statements. Days sales outstanding (DSO)Answer: c Diff: M [xxix]. Which of the following statements is most correct? a. Other things held constant, the higher a firm’s days sales outstanding (DSO), the better its credit department. b. If a firm that sells on terms of net 30 changes its policy and begins offering all customers terms of 2/10, net 30, and if no change in sales volume occurs, then the firm’s DSO will probably increase. . If a firm sells on terms of 2/10, net 30, and its DSO is 30 days, then its aging schedule would probably show some past due accounts. d. Statements a and c are correct. e. None of the statements above is correct. Working capital policyAnswer: d Diff: M [xxx]. Which of the following statements is incorrect about working capital policy? a. A company may hold a relatively large amount of cash if it anticipates uncertain sales levels in the coming year. b. Credit policy has an impact on working capital since it has the potential to influence sales levels and the speed with which cash is collected. c. The cash budget is useful in determining future financing needs. d. Holding minimal levels of inventory can reduce inventory carrying costs and cannot lead to any adverse effects on profitability. e. Managing working capital levels is important to the financial staff since it influences financing decisions and overall profitability of the firm. Miscellaneous conceptsAnswer: e Diff: M [xxxi]. Which of the following statements is most correct? a. Depreciation is included in the estimate of cash flows (Cash flow = Net income + Depreciation), so depreciation is set forth on a separate line in the cash budget. . If cash inflows and cash outflows occur on a regular basis, such as the situation where inflows from collections occur in equal amounts each day and most payments are made regularly on the 10th of each month, then it is not necessary to use a daily cash budget. A cash budget prepared at the end of the month will suffice. c. Lockboxes are more important for fast food retailers such as McDonald’s, which deal primarily with cash, than for manufacturers such as Xerox, which are generally paid by check. d. Statements b and c are correct. e. None of the statements above is correct. Multiple Choice: Problems Easy: Sales collectionsAnswer: d Diff: E [xxxii]. The Danser Company expects to have sales of $30,000 in January, $33,000 in February, and $38,000 in March. If 20 percent of sales are for cash, 40 percent are credit sales paid in the month following the sale, and 40 percent are credit sales paid 2 months following the sale, what are the cash receipts from sales in March? a. $55,000 b. $47,400 c. $38,000 d. $32,800 e. $30,000 FloatAnswer: d Diff: E [xxxiii]. Jumpdisk Company writes checks averaging $15,000 a day, and it takes five days for these checks to clear. The firm also receives checks in the amount of $17,000 per day, but the firm loses three days while its receipts are being deposited and cleared. What is the firm’s net float in dollars? a. $126,000 b. $ 75,000 c. $ 32,000 d. $ 24,000 e. $ 16,000 Accounts receivable balanceAnswer: a Diff: E R [xxxiv]. If Hot Tubs Inc. had sales of $2,027,773 per year (all credit) and its days sales outstanding was equal to 35 days, what was its average amount of accounts receivable outstanding? (Assume a 365-day year. ) a. $194,444 b. $ 57,143 c. $ 5,556 d. $ 97,222 e. $212,541 Inventory conversion periodAnswer: b Diff: E N xxxv]. A firm has $5,000,000 of inventory on average and annual sales of $30,000,000. Assume there are 365 days per year. What is the firm’s inventory conversion period? a. 30. 25 days b. 60. 83 days c. 45. 00 days d. 72. 44 days e. 55. 25 days Payables deferral periodAnswer: c Diff: E N [xxxvi]. Ammer Products has an average accounts payable balance of $850,000 and its annual cost of goods sold is $8,750,000. Assume there are 365 days per year. What is Ammer’s payables deferral period? a. 25. 50 days b. 30. 50 days c. 35. 46 days d. 42. 33 days e. 50. 00 days Cash conversion cycleAnswer: d Diff: E xxxvii]. Spartan Sporting Goods has $5 million in inventory and $2 million in accounts receivable. Its average daily sales are $100,000. The company’s payables deferral period (accounts payable divided by daily purchases) is 30 days. What is the length of the company’s cash conversion cycle? a. 100 days b. 60 days c. 50 days d. 40 days e. 33 days Cash conversion cycleAnswer: a Diff: E R [xxxviii]. For the Cook County Company, the average age of accounts receivable is 60 days, the average age of accounts payable is 45 days, and the average age of inventory is 72 days. Assuming a 365-day year, what is the length of the firm’s cash conversion cycle? a. 87 days b. 90 days c. 65 days d. 48 days e. 66 days Inventory turnover ratio and DSOAnswer: a Diff: E N [xxxix]. Bowa Construction’s days sales outstanding is 50 days (on a 365-day basis). The company’s accounts receivable equal $100 million and its balance sheet shows inventory equal to $125 million. What is the company’s inventory turnover ratio? a. 5. 84 b. 4. 25 c. 3. 33 d. 2. 75 e. 7. 25 Medium: Cash budgetAnswer: c Diff: M [xl]. Chadmark Corporation’s budgeted monthly sales are $3,000. Forty percent of its customers pay in the first month and take the 2 percent discount. The remaining 60 percent pay in the month following the sale and don’t receive a discount. Chadmark’s bad debts are very small and are excluded from this analysis. Purchases for next month’s sales are constant each month at $1,500. Other payments for wages, rent, and taxes are constant at $700 per month. Construct a single month’s cash budget with the information given. What is the average cash gain or (loss) during a typical month for Chadmark Corporation? a. $2,600 b. $ 800 c. $ 776 d. $ 740 e. $ 728 ROE and working capital policyAnswer: c Diff: M xli]. Jarrett Enterprises is considering whether to pursue a restricted or relaxed current asset investment policy. The firm’s annual sales are $400,000; its fixed assets are $100,000; debt and equity are each 50 percent of total assets. EBIT is $36,000, the interest rate on the firm’s debt is 10 percent, and th e firm’s tax rate is 40 percent. With a restricted policy, current assets will be 15 percent of sales. Under a relaxed policy, current assets will be 25 percent of sales. What is the difference in the projected ROEs between the restricted and relaxed policies? a. 0. 0% b. 6. 2% c. 5. 4% d. 1. 6% e. 3. % Inventory conversion periodAnswer: d Diff: M R [xlii]. On average, a firm sells $2,000,000 in merchandise a month. It keeps inventory equal to one-half of its monthly sales on hand at all times. If the firm analyzes its accounts using a 365-day year, what is the firm’s inventory conversion period? a. 365. 0 days b. 182. 5 days c. 30. 3 days d. 15. 2 days e. 10. 5 days Cash conversion cycleAnswer: e Diff: M N [xliii]. Biondi Manufacturing Company (BMC) has an average accounts receivable balance of $1,250,000, an average inventory balance of $1,750,000, and an average accounts payable balance of $800,000. Its annual sales are $12,000,000 and its cost of goods sold represents 80 percent of annual sales. Assume there are 365 days in a year. What is BMC’s cash conversion cycle? a. 84. 15 days b. 53. 23 days c. 72. 28 days d. 100. 55 days e. 60. 83 days Cash conversion cycleAnswer: d Diff: M R [xliv]. Porta Stadium Inc. has annual sales of $80,000,000 and keeps average inventory of $20,000,000. On average, the firm has accounts receivable of $16,000,000. The firm buys all raw materials on credit, its trade credit terms are net 35 days, and it pays on time. The firm’s managers are searching for ways to shorten the cash conversion cycle. If sales can be maintained at existing levels but inventory can be lowered by $4,000,000 and accounts receivable lowered by $2,000,000, what will be the net change in the cash conversion cycle? Use a 365-day year. Round to the closest whole day. a. +105 days b. -105 days c. +27 days d. -27 days e. -3 days Cash conversion cycleAnswer: e Diff: M R [xlv]. You have recently been hired to improve the performance of Multiplex Corporation, which has been experiencing a severe cash shortage. As one part of your analysis, you want to determine the firm’s cash conversion cycle. Using the following information and a 365-day year, what is your estimate of the firm’s current cash conversion cycle? †¢ Current inventory = $120,000. †¢ Annual sales = $600,000. †¢ Accounts receivable = $157,808. †¢ Accounts payable = $25,000. †¢ Total annual purchases = $365,000. †¢ Purchases credit terms: net 30 days. †¢ Receivables credit terms: net 50 days. a. 49 days b. 193 days c. 100 days d. 168 days e. 144 days Cash conversion cycleAnswer: b Diff: M [xlvi]. Kolan Inc. has annual sales of $36,500,000 ($100,000 a day on a 365-day basis). On average, the company has $12,000,000 in inventory and $8,000,000 in accounts receivable. The company is looking for ways to shorten its cash conversion cycle, which is calculated on a 365-day basis. Its CFO has proposed new policies that would result in a 20 percent reduction in both average inventories and accounts receivables. The company anticipates that these policies will also reduce sales by 10 percent. Accounts payable will remain unchanged. What effect would these policies have on the company’s cash conversion cycle? a. -40 days b. -22 days c. -13 days d. +22 days e. +40 days Cash conversion cycleAnswer: e Diff: M R [xlvii]. Gaston Piston Corp. as annual sales of $50,735,000 and maintains an average inventory level of $15,012,000. The average accounts receivable balance outstanding is $10,008,000. The company makes all purchases on credit and has always paid on the 30th day. The company is now going to take full advantage of trade credit and pay its suppliers on the 40th day. If sales can be maintained at existing levels but inventory can be lowered by $1, 946,000 and accounts receivable lowered by $1,946,000, what will be the net change in the cash conversion cycle? (Assume there are 365 days in the year. ) a. -14. 0 days b. -18. days c. -28. 0 days d. -25. 6 days e. -38. 0 days LockboxAnswer: e Diff: M [xlviii]. Cross Collectibles currently fills mail orders from all over the U. S. and receipts come in to headquarters in Little Rock, Arkansas. The firm’s average accounts receivable (A/R) is $2. 5 million and is financed by a bank loan with 11 percent annual interest. Cross is considering a regional lockbox system to speed up collections that it believes will reduce A/R by 20 percent. The annual cost of the system is $15,000. What is the estimated net annual savings to the firm from implementing the lockbox system? . $500,000 b. $ 30,000 c. $ 60,000 d. $ 55,000 e. $ 40,000 Changes in working capital and free cash flowAnswer: b Diff: M N [xlix]. Allen Brothers is interested in increasing its free cash flow (which it hopes will result in a higher EVA and stock price). The company’s goal is to generate $180 million of free cash flow over the upcoming year. Allen’s CFO has made the following projections for the upcoming year: †¢ EBIT is projected to be $850 million. †¢ Gross capital expenditures are expected to total $360 million, and its depreciation expense is expected to be $120 million. Thus, its net capital expenditures are expected to total $240 million. †¢ The firm’s tax rate is 40 percent. The company forecasts that there will be no change in its cash and marketable securities, nor will there be any changes in notes payable or accrued liabilities. Which of the following will enable the company to achieve its goal of generating $180 million in free cash flow? a. Accounts receivable increase $470 million, inventory increases $230 million, and accounts payable increase $790 million. b. Accounts receivable increase $470 million, inventory increases $230 million, and accounts payable increase $610 million. . Accounts receivable decrease by $500 million, inventory increases by $480 million, and accounts payable decline by $80 million. d. Accounts receivable decrease by $400 million, inventory increases by $480 million, and accounts payable increase by $80 million. e. Accounts receivable increase by $500 million, inventory increases by $100 million, and acc ounts payable decline by $480 million. Aging scheduleAnswer: b Diff: M N [l]. Short Construction offers its customer’s credit terms of 2/10, net 30 days, while Fryman Construction offers its customer’s credit terms of 2/10, net 45 days. The aging schedules for each of the two companies’ accounts receivable are reported below: Short Construction Fryman Construction Age ofValue of Percentage ofValue of Percentage of Account (Days) Account Total Value Account Total Value 0-10 $58,800 60%$ 73,500 50% 11-30 19,600 20 29,400 20 31-45 14,700 15 29,400 20 46-60 2,940 3 10,290 7 Over 60 1,960 2 4,410 3 Total Receivables $98,000$147,000 Which company has the greatest percentage of overdue accounts and what is their percentage of overdue accounts? . Fryman; 50% overdue. b. Short; 20% overdue. c. Fryman; 30% overdue. d. Fryman; 3% overdue. e. Short; 40% overdue. Tough: Cash conversion cycleAnswer: c Diff: T R [li]. Jordan Air Inc. has average inventory of $1,000,000. Its estimated annual sales are $10 million and the firm estimates its receivables conversion period to be twice as long as its inventory conversion period. The firm pays its trade credit on time; its terms are net 30 days. The firm wants to decrease its cash conversion cycle by 10 days. It believes that it can reduce its average inventory to $863,000. Assume a 365-day year and that sales will not change. By how much must the firm also reduce its accounts receivable to meet its goal of a 10-day reduction in its cash conversion cycle? a. $ 101,900 b. $1,000,000 c. $ 136,986 d. $ 333,520 e. $ 0 Multiple Part: (The following information applies to the next three problems. ) Callison Airlines is deciding whether to pursue a restricted or relaxed current asset investment policy. Callison’s annual sales are expected to total $3. 6 million, its fixed assets turnover ratio equals 4. 0, and its debt and common equity are each 50 percent of total assets. EBIT is $150,000, the interest rate on the firm’s debt is 10 percent, and the firm’s tax rate is 40 percent. If the company follows a restricted policy, its total assets turnover will be 2. 5. Under a relaxed policy, its total assets turnover will be 2. 2. Current asset investment policyAnswer: c Diff: M N [lii]. If the firm adopts a restricted policy, how much will it save in interest expense (relative to what it would be if Callison were to adopt a relaxed policy)? a. $ 3,233 b. $ 6,175 c. $ 9,818 d. $ 7,200 e. $10,136 Current asset investment policy and ROEAnswer: b Diff: M N [liii]. What is the difference in the projected ROEs between the restricted and relaxed policies? a. 2. 24% b. 1. 50% c. 1. 00% d. 0. 50% e. 0. 33% Current asset investment policy and ROEAnswer: a Diff: M N [liv]. Assume now the company expects that if it adopts a restricted policy, its sales will fall by 15 percent, EBIT will fall by 10 percent, but its total assets turnover, debt ratio, interest rate, and tax rate will remain the same. In this situation, what is the difference in the projected ROEs between the restricted and relaxed policies? a. 2. 24% b. 1. 50% c. 1. 00% d. 0. 50% e. 0. 33% CHAPTER 15 ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS [i]. Working capitalAnswer: c Diff: E [ii]. Working capitalAnswer: d Diff: E N The correct answer is statement d. The current ratio is calculated as current assets divided by current liabilities. [iii]. Cash conversion cycleAnswer: b Diff: E Statement a is false. If inventory increases, and sales do not, more cash is being â€Å"tied up† in inventory so the cash conversion cycle is increased, not reduced. Statement b is true. If the company reduces its DSO, it is collecting its accounts receivables more efficiently, so it reduces the cash conversion cycle. Statement c is false. If the company pays its bills sooner, it uses its cash to pay off accounts payable, which increase its cash conversion cycle. [iv]. Cash budgetAnswer: e Diff: E [v]. Cash budgetAnswer: a Diff: E [vi]. Cash budgetAnswer: d Diff: E Statement a is false because depreciation is not a cash item. (Although depreciation will affect taxes, depreciation itself will not be included in the cash budget. The question asks â€Å"explicitly. †) Statement b is true because this is a cash transaction, so it should be included in the cash budget. Statement c is true because this is a cash transaction and should be included in the cash budget. Since statements b and c are correct, statement d is the correct choice. [vii]. Cash managementAnswer: a Diff: E Net float = Disbursements float Collections float; therefore the larger the disbursements float and the lower the collections float the better the cash management system. A lockbox is used to speed cash collections. If a firm’s outflows come due early in the month rather than uniformly this will necessitate a large line of credit. [viii]. Cash managementAnswer: d Diff: E Statements a and c are correct; therefore, statement d is the appropriate choice. A lockbox speeds collections of receivables; it doesn’t ensure that petty cash will be safe. Although depreciation is a noncash expense, it does affect taxes, which are a cash expense. [ix]. Cash managementAnswer: e Diff: E A very efficient cash management system could allow a firm to operate with positive net float where the firm has a negative checkbook balance at most times but still does not bounce its checks. The other statements are false. A good cash management system maximizes disbursement float and minimizes collections float. A well-designed lockbox system minimizes collections float which would increase a firm’s net float. Increases in interest rates raise the opportunity cost of idle cash. A firm prefers to write checks, maximizing its disbursement float and increasing its net float. [x]. LockboxAnswer: d Diff: E [xi]. Marketable securitiesAnswer: a Diff: E [xii]. Monitoring receivablesAnswer: b Diff: E [xiii]. Credit policyAnswer: e Diff: E [xiv]. Credit policyAnswer: d Diff: E [xv]. Inventory managementAnswer: d Diff: E [xvi]. Inventory managementAnswer: e Diff: E [xvii]. Miscellaneous working capital conceptsAnswer: e Diff: E N The correct answer is statement e. The cash conversion cycle is the cycle in which a firm purchases inventory, sells goods on credit, and then collects accounts receivable. [xviii]. Cash conversion cycleAnswer: d Diff: M [xix]. Cash conversion cycleAnswer: d Diff: M Statements a and b are correct; therefore, statement d is the appropriate choice. Delaying payments to suppliers increases the length of the cash conversion cycle. [xx]. Cash balancesAnswer: c Diff: M [xxi]. Cash budgetAnswer: e Diff: M [xxii]. Cash managementAnswer: e Diff: M [xxiii]. Marketable securities portfolioAnswer: d Diff: M [xxiv]. FloatAnswer: a Diff: M [xxv]. Compensating balancesAnswer: c Diff: M [xxvi]. Receivables managementAnswer: b Diff: M [xxvii]. Credit policy and seasonal datingAnswer: b Diff: M [xxviii]. DSO and aging scheduleAnswer: c Diff: M [xxix]. Days sales outstanding (DSO)Answer: c Diff: M [xxx]. Working capital policyAnswer: d Diff: M Statements a, b, c and e are all correct statements. Statement d is incorrect, and thus the correct choice. Holding minimal levels of inventory may result in lost sales. xxxi]. Miscellaneous conceptsAnswer: e Diff: M [xxxii]. Sales collectionsAnswer: d Diff: E [pic] = (0. 20)($38,000) + (0. 40)($33,000) + (0. 40)($30,000) = $32,800. [xxxiii]. FloatAnswer: d Diff: E Positive disbursement float = $15,000(5) = $75,000. Negative collections float = $17,000(3) = $51,000. Net float = $75,000 $51,000 = $24,000. [xxxiv]. Accounts receivable balanceAnswer: a Diff: E R Acco unts receivables = DSO Sales per day = 353) = $51,000. Net float = $75,000 $51,000 = $24,000. [xxxv]. Accounts receivable balanceAnswer: a Diff: E R Accounts receivables = DSO ? Sales per day = 35($2,027,773/365) = $194,444. [xxxvi]. Inventory conversion periodAnswer: b Diff: E N Inventory conversion period = [pic] = [pic] = 60. 83 days. [xxxvii]. Payables deferral periodAnswer: c Diff: E N Payables deferral period = [pic] = [pic] = 35. 46 days. [xxxviii]. Cash conversion cycleAnswer: d Diff: E Facts given: Payables deferral period = 30 days; Inv = $5,000,000; Rec. = $2,000,000; ADS = $100,000. [pic] = [pic] + [pic] – [pic]. Step 1:Determine the inventory conversion period: Inventory conversion period= Inventory/Daily sales = $5,000,000/$100,000 50 days. Step 2:Determine the receivables collection period: Receivables collection period= Receivables/Daily sales = $2,000,000/$100,000 = 20 days. Step 3:Given data and information calculated above, determine the firm’s cash conversion cycle: Cash conversion cycle= 50 + 20 30 = 40 days. [xxxix]. Cash conversion cycleAnswer: a Diff: E R [pic]= [pic] + [pic] – [pic] = 72 + 60 45 = 87 days. [xl] . Inventory turnover ratio and DSOAnswer: a Diff: E N Step 1:Determine sales level using the DSO equation. DSO = [pic] 50 = [pic] $100,000,000 = [pic] 36,500,000,000 = 50(Sales) $730,000,000 = Sales. Step 2:Calculate inventory turnover ratio. Inv. turnover = [pic] Inv. turnover = [pic] Inv. turnover = 5. 84. [xli]. Cash budgetAnswer: c Diff: M Construct a simplified cash budget: Sales $3,000 Collections (same month’s sales) 1,176 (0. 98 ? 0. 40 ? $3,000) Collections (last month’s sales) 1,800 (1. 00 ? 0. 60 ? $3,000) Total collections 2,976 Purchases payments 1,500 Other payments 700 Total payments 2,200 Net cash gain (loss) $ 776 [xlii]. ROE and working capital policyAnswer: c Diff: M Construct simplified comparative balance sheets and income statements for the restricted and relaxed policies:(In thousands) 15% of Sales 25% of Sales Restricted Relaxed Current assets $ 60 $100 Fixed assets 100 100 Total assets $160 $200 Debt 80 00 Equity and retained earnings 80 100 Total liabilities and equity $160 $200 EBIT 36 36 Less: Interest (10%) (8) (10) EBT 28 26 Less: Taxes (40%) ( 11. 2) ( 10. 4) Net income $ 16. 8 $ 15. 6 ROE = NI/Equity; $16. 8/$80 = 0. 21; $15. 6/$100 = 0. 156. ROE (restricted policy) = 21. 0%. ROE (relaxed policy) = 15. 6%. Difference in ROEs = 0. 21 0. 156 = 0. 054 = 5. 4%. xliii]. Inventory conversion periodAnswer: d Diff: M R Inventory conversion period (ICP) = [pic]. Annual sales = 12 ( $2 million = $24 million. Inventory = 0. 5 ( $2 million = $1 million. ICP = [pic] = 15. 2 days. [xliv]. Cash conversion cycleAnswer: e Diff: M N CCC = [pic]. I nventory conversion period = [pic] = [pic] = 53. 23 days. Receivables collection period = [pic] = [pic] = 38. 02 days. Payables deferral period = [pic] = [pic] = 30. 42 days. CCC = 53. 23 days + 38. 02 days 30. 42 days = 60. 83 days. [xlv]. Cash conversion cycleAnswer: d Diff: M R Old With Change ICP = [pic] = [pic] = 91. 5 [pic] = [pic] = 73. 000 + + DSO = [pic] = 73. 00 [pic] = 63. 875 DP = 35 days -35. 00 DP -35. 000 CCC =129. 25 days New CCC =101. 875 days Change in CCC = 101. 875 – 129. 25 = -27. 375 days ( -27 days. Net change is –27 days (CCC is 27 days shorter). [xlvi]. Cash conversion cycleAnswer: e Diff: M R Calculate each of the three main components of the cash conversion cycle: Inventory Conversion period (ICP): ICP = [pic] = [pic] = 73 days. Days sales outstanding (DSO): DSO = [pic] = [pic] = 96 days. Payables deferral period (PDP): PDP = [pic] = [pic] = 25 days. Cash conversion cycle (CCC): CCC = ICP + DSO – PDP = 73 + 96 – 25 = 144 days. [xlvii]. Cash conversion cycleAnswer: b Diff: M [pic] = [pic] + [pic] – [pic]. For this problem we are only interested in the change in the CCC. We may therefore ignore the Payables Deferral Period since it is assumed to remain unchanged. Old CCC (ignore payables) = $12,000,000/$100,000 + $8,000,000/$100,000 = 120 + 80 = 200 days. New CCC = $9,600,000/$90,000 + $6,400,000/$90,000 = 106. 67 + 71. 1 = 177. 78 days. Change in CCC = New CCC – Old CCC = 177. 78 – 200 = -22. 22 days. Round to 22 days shorter. [xlviii]. Cash conversion cycleAnswer: e Diff: M R First, calculate Sales/Day = $50,735,000/365 = $139,000. Then, calculate the old inventory conversion period: Inventory/Sales per day = $15,012,000/$139,000 = 108 days. Then, find the new inventory con version period: $13,066,000/$139,000 = 94 days. We have cut the inventory conversion period by 108 – 94 = 14 days. Then, calculate the old DSO: Accts. Rec. /Sales per day = $10,008,000/$139,000 = 72 days. Then, find the new DSO = $8,062,000/$139,000 = 58 days. We have cut the DSO by 72 – 58 = 14 days. Finally, find the total net change = -14 + (-14) – 10 = -38 days. [xlix]. LockboxAnswer: e Diff: M Calculate the net reduction in A/R: Current A/R = $2,500,000. New A/R with 20% reduction: $2,500,000 0. 20($2,500,000) = $2,000,000. Net reduction in A/R = $500,000. Calculate the interest savings and net savings: Interest savings = $500,000(0. 11) = $55,000. Net savings = Interest savings Annual lockbox cost = $55,000 $15,000 = $40,000. [l]. Changes in working capital and free cash flowAnswer: b Diff: M N FCF = EBIT(1 – T) + DEP – CapExp (NOWC 180,000,000 = $850,000,000(0. 6) + $120,000,000 $360,000,000 (NOWC $180,000,000 = $510,000,000 + $120,000,000 $360,000,000 (NOWC $180,000,000 = $270,000,000 (NOWC -$90,000,000 = -(NOWC (NOWC = $90,000,000. Net operating working capital needs to increase by $90 million, so we need to find the response that shows working capital increasing by that amount. Statement a is false because (NOWC = $470,000,000 + $230,000,000 $790,000,000 = -$90,000,000. Statement b is true because (NOWC = $470,000,000 + $230,000,000 $610,000,000 = +$90,000,000. Statement c is false because (NOWC = -$500,000,000 + $480,000,000 – (-$80,000,000) = +$60,000,000. Statement d is false because (NOWC = -$400,000,000 + $480,000,000 $80,000,000 = $0. Statement e is false because (NOWC = $500,000,000 + $100,000,000 – (-$480,000,000) = $1,080,000,000. [li]. Aging scheduleAnswer: b Diff: M N Short’s credit policy is 2/10, net 30 days, so customers’ receivables are overdue after 30 days. The percentage of accounts overdue (after 30 days) is 15% + 3% + 2% = 20%. Fryman’s credit policy is 2/10, net 45 days, so customers’ receivables are overdue after 45 days. The percentage of accounts overdue (after 45 days) is 7% + 3% = 10%. Thus, Short has the greatest percentage of overdue accounts at 20%. (Note that you could also use the dollar amounts to develop the total percentage of overdue accounts, but you would arrive at the same answer. ) Alternative solution using dollar amounts of receivables: Short: [pic] = 20%. Fryman: [pic] = 10%. [lii]. Cash conversion cycleAnswer: c Diff: T R ICP = 365 days/($10 million/$1 million) = 36. 5 days. DSO = 2. 0 ( ICP = 73 days. Solve for accounts receivable: DSO = 73 = Accounts receivable/Sales per day = (A/R)/($10/365) = $2 million. Calculate new ICP, change in CCC, and new DSO required to meet goal: New ICP = 365/($10/$0. 863) = 365/11. 5875 = 31. 5 days. Net change in ICP = -5 days. Total reduction in CCC required = 10 days. Reduction in DSO needed = 10 – 5 = 5 days. New DSO required = 73 – 5 = 68 days. Solve for new receivables level: DSO = 68 = [(A/R)/($10,000,000/365)] A/R = 68 ( $27,397. 26 = $1,863,014. Old A/R = $2,000,000. New A/R = $1,863,014. Reduction required in A/R = $2,000,000 $1,863,014 = $136,986. [liii]. Current asset investment policyAnswer: c Diff: M N Step 1:Calculate net fixed assets, which will be the same under either policy. FA turnover = [pic] 4. 0 = [pic] NFA = $900,000. Step 2:Determine total assets under each policy, given the total assets turnover ratio for each one. Restricted: Total assets turnover = [pic] 2. 5 = [pic] TA = $1,440,000. Relaxed: 2. 2 = [pic] TA = $1,636,364. Step 3:Develop balance sheets for each policy to determine the debt level. Restricted Relaxed Current assets $ 540,000 $ 736,364 Fixed assets 900,000 900,000 Total assets $1,440,000 $1,636,364 Debt $ 720,000 $ 818,182 Equity 720,000 818,182 Total liabilities equity $1,440,000 $1,636,364 Step 4:Determine interest under each policy: Restricted: $720,000 ( 0. 10 = $72,000. Relaxed: $818,182 ( 0. 10 = $81,818. Step 5:Calculate the difference in interest expense (the savings) between the 2 policies: $81,818 $72,000 = $9,818. [liv]. Current asset investment policy and ROEAnswer: b Diff: M N Step 1:From the previous problem we can now set up an income statement for each policy. Restricted Relaxed EBIT $150,000 $150,000 Interest (10%) 72,000 81,818 EBT $ 78,000 $ 68,182 Taxes 31,200 27,273 Net income $ 46,800 $ 40,909 Step 2:Calculate ROE using common equity as calculated in the prior problem for each policy. Restricted: ROE = [pic]Relaxed: ROE = [pic] = 6. 5%. = 5. 0%. Step 3:Calculate the difference in ROEs. ROE = 6. 5% 5. 0% = 1. 5%. [lv]. Current asset investment policy and ROEAnswer: a Diff: M N From the prior two problems, we know that the ROE for the relaxed policy is 5%. Now, we need to calculate the new ROE under the restricted policy. Step 1:Calculate the new sales and EBIT levels. New sales = $3,600,000 ( 0. 85 = $3,060,000. New EBIT = $150,000 ( 0. 90 = $135,000. Step 2:Calculate the new level of assets under the restricted policy. S/TA = 2. 5 $3,060,000/2. 5 = $1,224,000. Step 3:Develop the firm’s balance sheet under the restricted policy. Total assets $1,224,000 Debt $ 612,000 Equity 612,000 Total liabilities equity $1,224,000 Step 4:Develop the firm’s income statement under the restricted policy. EBIT $135,000 Interest (10%) 61,200 EBT $ 73,800 Taxes (40%) 29,520 Net income $ 44,280 Step 5:Calculate the firm’s ROE under the restricted policy. ROE = NI/E = $44,280/$612,000 ROE = 7. 24%. Step 6:Calculate the difference in ROEs between the 2 policies. (ROE = 7. 24% 5% = 2. 24%c

Vietnamization of the Vietnam War

Vietnamization of the Vietnam War Campaigning under the slogan â€Å"Peace with Honor,† Richard M. Nixon won the 1968 presidential election. His plan called for the â€Å"Vietnamization† of the war which was defined as the systematic build-up of ARVN forces to the point that they could prosecute the war without American aid. As part of this plan, American troops would slowly be removed. Nixon complemented this approach with efforts to ease global tensions by reaching out diplomatically to the Soviet Union and the Peoples Republic of China. In Vietnam, the war shifted to smaller operations geared towards attacking North Vietnamese logistics.   Overseen by General Creighton Abrams, who replaced General William Westmoreland in June 1968, American forces shifted from a search-and-destroy approach to one more focused on defending South Vietnamese villages and working with the local population.   In doing so, extensive efforts were made to win the hearts and minds of the South Vietnamese people.   These tactics proved successful and guerrilla attacks began to subside. Advancing Nixons Vietnamization scheme, Abrams worked extensively to expand, equip, and train ARVN forces.   This proved critical as the war became an increasingly conventional conflict and American troop strength continued to be reduced.   Despite these efforts, ARVN performance continued to be erratic and often relied on American support to achieve positive results. Trouble on the Home Front While the antiwar movement in the US was pleased with Nixon’s efforts at dà ©tente with communist nations, it was inflamed in 1969, when news broke about a massacre of 347 South Vietnamese civilians by US soldiers at My Lai (March 18, 1968). Tension grew further when, following a change in stance by Cambodia, the US began bombing North Vietnamese bases over the border. This was followed in 1970, with ground forces attacking into Cambodia. Though intended to enhance South Vietnamese security by eliminating a threat across the border, and thus in line with the Vietnamization policy, it was publicly viewed as expanding the war rather than winding it down. Public opinion sunk lower in 1971 with the release of the Pentagon Papers. A top-secret report, the ​Pentagon Papers detailed American mistakes in Vietnam since 1945, as well as exposed lies about the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, detailed US involvement in deposing Diem, and revealed secret American bombing of Laos. The papers also painted a bleak outlook for American prospects of victory. First Cracks Despite the incursion into Cambodia, Nixon had begun the systematic withdrawal of US forces, lowering troop strength to 156,800 in 1971. That same year, the ARVN commenced Operation Lam Son 719 with the goal of severing the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Laos. In what was seen as a dramatic failure for Vietnamization, ARVN forces were routed and driven back across the border. Further cracks were revealed in 1972, when the North Vietnamese launched a conventional invasion of the South, attacking into the northern provinces and from Cambodia. The offensive was only defeated with the support of US airpower and saw intense fighting around Quang Tri, An Loc, and Kontum.   Counterattacking and supported by American aircraft (Operation Linebacker), ARVN force reclaimed the lost territory that summer but sustained heavy casualties.

Manage your boss’s emails and phone calls like a pro

Manage your boss’s emails and phone calls like a pro As an assistant, you will often be asked to manage your boss’s correspondence, including emails. This can often be a tricky task, particularly because its hard to know the correct tone to strike. Should you write in your voice? In his or hers? What if your boss just leaves it up to you?Representing someone else is a huge responsibility, but one you can weather with dignity and poise. Here are a few things to keep in mind to make sure you don’t lose the privilege or fumble the ball.Keep it confidential.It should go without saying that whatever you read in your boss’s email isn’t meant to be repeated- to anyone. Don’t discuss personal items you might come across with anyone, least of all your boss (unless he brings something up). And don’t blab about professional developments within your company to your colleagues either- not even to warn them of impending changes.When in doubt, ask.Don’t just accept the email task as yours, silently and resolutely. Ask questions. What is it she wants you to accomplish? Are you authorized to unsubscribe her from unnecessary mailing lists? Are you monitoring so she doesn’t have to weed through everything, or are you actually in charge of triaging, organizing, and (eep) responding. And, if so, how would she like you to do that- as yourself (Sincerely, Your Name, Personal Assistant to Her Name) or as your boss? The more you know going in and the more you two are on the same page, the fewer misunderstandings will crop up.Read them, and take notes.Even if some of this stuff might be over your head, the more you know, the more you can help. Make sure to read carefully and have a sense at any given time of who’s asking for what and which things need to happen first. Make sure to note impending deadlines, appointments, timely actions, etc., and flag them immediately. Make note of these in your own calendar, as well as in your boss’s. That way you can send reminders.Sta y professional.When discussing the content of these emails with your boss or when responding to them yourself, make sure to act the part. Be every bit as professional and polished as your boss is. Remember, you are acting on his behalf.Come up with a system.If you’re given the leeway, try to come up with a system that will work for both of you. For example, you can file everything non-essential into folders like Junk, Personal, and News. Then everything else is work stuff and you can both focus on that. Come up with a flagging system- using different colors or labels- so you can communicate to each other what needs to be done first. Keep it sensible and simple.Check twice.Make sure to bookend your workday by checking emails first thing and then going through for anything urgent at the end of the day. Making sure you do a thorough check in the morning and the evening means that whatever system you came up with for organizing will keep functioning smoothly, rather than falling apart overnight.Stay cool.Don’t bother your boss with a question every time you aren’t sure what to do with a given email- even at the beginning. Try instead to keep a running list of questions you want to ask and save them for the end of the day. In a few days, you’ll find you have far fewer questions.Don’t forget to do your own work.Don’t let your boss’s emails swallow your whole work day, eclipse your projects, or make you neglect your own inbox. Develop a system that works for you so that you can balance both of your correspondences. This will make the arrangement more stable and sustainable for both of you.

Curriculum review circle Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Curriculum review circle - Research Paper Example The reviews may think they have all the time and end up taking a lot of time in the review process. Another major problem that is still notable with the LaCrescent-Hokah School District Curriculum Improvement Plan is the fact that the various stages at some point seem to overlap one another. The National Council for Curriculum and Assessment (1999) explained on the need to be able to distinguish the various stages in the review process. However for LaCrescent-Hokah School District, stages five and six seems to be similar. Almost same activities are carried out with the only distinction being the two parts. This makes it not so easy to distinguish which stage the review has reached. This may become difficult to determine the progress of the review. A look at the three programs however shows that there is some similarity in the way they are structured. The initial stages involve the determination of what is there at present. This is the data collection. The information obtained is then analyzed and reviewed to determine what needs to be added onto the curriculum. It’s tested for what is working and what is not with proper revision made on them. Then the proposals are implemented as planned. While this is taking place, issues that may arise are dealt with. What does not work is avoided while any revision necessary are made. Then full implementation is ensured. For the success of any change to be implemented in any organization or sector proper involvement of the stakeholders is absolutely import. The same case applies to the implementation of the Curriculum Review Cycle. The various stakeholders as identified by Office for standards in education (OFSTED), (1995) must all be brought on board the development and implementation process. The teachers whole are the leading implementers in the review process must be all provide with the knowledge,

None Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 14

None - Essay Example This normally gives room to committing fallacious reasoning whilst emotional temperament fosters it. Worldwide mainly imply to cognitive network of prevailing beliefs, attitudes, habits, memories, values and corresponding supplementary elements that are normally conditions and renders quietly meaningful the world that people dwell (Patrick, 156-198). Moreover, worldview normally emerges unobtrusively and intuitively from the pervasive influences such as cultures, language, sex and religion, politics, social and economic status. It influence normally manifest itself when an individual grow older via shaping forces of education and experience. Five characteristics of critical thinking in movie 12 are argument analysis, morality such as persuasion and obedience, manipulation, fallacies versus sound reasoning and corresponding effective Critical thinker (Patrick, 156-198). Conversely, five characteristic of uncritical thinking include contradictory perspectives, prejudices, predispositions that are manly based on the underlying barrier within their decision making and contradictory personalities that normally enrich prevailing actions and corresponding decisions of an individual. I would want argument analysis on the prevailing jury in case I was the defendant. The jury ought to embrace analyses of every the underlying in order make dependable arguments and correspondingly determine that the conclusion is imperfect based on the inappropriate reasoning via pointing out prevailing inconsistences within the judgment. Moreover, deductive reasoning will also aid in development of logic within the underlying case. Argument analysis method normally cast criticisms on the underlying second point and subsequent points via thoroughly analyzing every component

Time Management Essay Example for Free

Time Management Essay Surveying †¢ pre-reading †¢ previewing assignment †¢ Big pictures overview of main ideas and themes †¢ Skim table of contents, preface, chapter elements Question †¢Step 1: Ask yourself what you know about the topic Summarize what you already know about topic †¢Step 2 : Write questions linked to chapter headings Examine chapter headings and write down any questions about headings on piece of paper or in margins for book. Read †¢After surveying and questioning, retain what you read. Focus on the key points of your survey – boldface type, raised headings, chapter objectives and summary. oFocus on your Q-stage questions – Read with purpose of answering the â€Å"questions† written in the margin of book or separate piece of paper. Write down or highlight ideas related to your questions. oMark up your text, and take text notes – Write notes in margin or separate paper, circle ideas, highlight key points that you want to study for exams. oCreate text tabs – Place plastic index tabs or adhesive notes at the start of different chapters to flip back and forth with ease. Find Main Idea Search for topic of paragraph – Topic of paragraph is not the same as main idea, it is broad subject being discussed – President Barack Obama, hate crimes on campus, or the Internet. oIdentify the aspect of the topic that is the paragraph’s focus – If general topic is President Barack Obama, the author may focus on different aspects of that topic, such as health-care policies, first African American president, or public speaking talent. Find what the author wants you to know about that aspect; this is the main idea – The main idea of a paragraph on President Obama as a public speaker may be: President Obama is a charismatic speaker who uses his oratorical skills to encourage the American people in times of crisis. Prioritize Reading Assignments Ask what is important to remember Is the information stressed in headings, charts, tables, captions, key terms, and definitions? Is the information a definition, a crucial concept, an example, an explanation of a variety or type, or a critical relationship or comparison? Did your instructor stress the information in class? Is it in syllabus, does your assignment ask you to focus on something specific? Recite †¢Once you finish reading a topic, stop and answer the questions raised in the Q-stage of SQ3R even if you already did it during the reading phase, do it again with the purpose of learning and committing the material to memory. †¢Recite each answer aloud, silently speak the answers to yourself, â€Å"teach† the answers to another person, or write it down. Review †¢Review immediately and periodically in the days and weeks after you read the chapter to help you learn and memorize material and prepare for exams. †¢Some helpful reviewing techniques: Reread notes and summarize from memory Review and summarize in writing the text sections you highlighted or bracketed. Try to condense the material so that you can focus on key ideas Answer the end-of-chapter review, discussion, and application questions Recite concepts to self, or record/playback on digital recorder Flash cards with word/concept on one side with definition on other side Quiz self with questions raised in Q-stage Discuss concepts with classmate/study group Ask instructor about difficult material. Terms to remember Scanning – rapid reading in search of specific information. Concentration – focusing on one topic at a time and avoiding distractions so you can learn material

Biography of Emily Dickinson :: essays research papers

Biography Text One of the finest lyric poets in the English language, the American poet Emily Dickinson (1830-1886) was a keen observer of nature and a wise interpreter of human passion. Her family and friends published most of her work posthumously. American poetry in the 19th century was rich and varied, ranging from the symbolic fantasies of Edgar Allan Poe through the moralistic quatrains of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow to the revolutionary free verse of Walt Whitman. In the privacy of her study Emily Dickinson developed her own forms and pursued her own visions, oblivious of literary fashions and unconcerned with the changing national literature. If she was influenced at all by other writers, they were John Keats, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Robert and Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Isaac Watts (his hymns), and the biblical prophets. Dickinson was born on Dec. 10, 1830, in Amherst, Mass., the eldest daughter of Edward Dickinson, a successful lawyer, member of Congress, and for many years treasurer of..... Extended Biography Text To be a poet was the sole ambition of Emily Dickinson. She achieved what she called her immortality by total commitment to the task, allowing nothing to deter her or intervene. Contrary to the myth that she would not deign to publish her verse, she made herculean efforts to reach out to a world that was not ready for the poems she offered; her manner and form were fifty years ahead of her time. The lines from James Russell Lowell's poem "The First Snowfall" are typical of popular taste in Dickinson's time; compare them with ones immediately following by Dickinson on the same subject (poem 311): The snow had begun in the gloaming, Had been heaping field and highway With a silence deep and white. Every pine and fir and hemlock Wore ermine too dear for an earl, And the poorest twig on the elm-tree Was ridged inch deep with pearl. From sheds new-roofed with Carrara Came Chanticleer's muffled crow, The stiff rails were softened to swan's down, And still fluttered down the snow. 1 stood and watched by the window The noiseless work of the sky, And the sudden flurried of snow-birds,

Riordan Manufacturing’s Human Resource Information System

In the organization which I am employed, there are numerous types of technology software used Including IT procedures, Interfaces, and networks to computer design. All of the software is used to analyze the operation of the organization. In week two I discuss a time-tracking software project recognized as the Kronor Workforce Timekeeping Program. I want to acquire more education and experience about the human resource system of my organization.To educate myself about the proper procedures and requirements needed to perform a work-related analysis project; I will design ND develop Ordain Manufacturing Human resource Information System (HRS), project. Ordain Manufacturing organization Is widespread. The organization has essential services Georgia, China, Hangout, Albany, Pontiac, Hangout, Michigan, and San Joss, California. The organization has established a Railroads project that malignant a yearly Income of approximately $46 billion. The company has a leading Human Resources Informat ion system with the purpose to be the initial focus for the company.The next progress is an existing structure, which is a financial systems parcel component that tracks the worker information. A new addition to the newest analysis of the current HRS is to instruct verification on validating the system requirement incentive to accommodate Radian's growing demands. Ordain made arrangements to update the existing HRS system to a larger complex HRS system, which will incorporate and consist of appliances, accomplish the advancement of technology, and will be implemented into the organization's system.Plan The plan for Radian's HRS project will be to produce strategic software for Implementation of an additional top-quality system. This report will focus on Radian's existing HRS dilemmas. The key reason for ten Investigation segment Is to unreason Ana document ten company requirements and the dispensation supplies of the original system (Stringer, J. Jackson, R. B. , Burr, S. T. , and J ohnson, R. , Para. 26, 2004). Adjustments to Radian's HRS will incorporate revisions to the latest financial system. Currently every area will experience some difficulties in their financial and clerical system.Consequently the problems derive from each area by channels from an unbalanced system. The organization must ensure that every area implements the best compatibility from the standard working system, although the existing HRS system will integrate utensils. The company anticipated the new system will launch in six months, and will be used in the next quarter in the following year. The development of the Radian's HRS system will have a group of manufacturers that will outline the project organization and demand that the proper assets are involved for the project to be a success.The project objective is to explain the problem, the effect areas, and investors. These are considered as the core measure of the project goal. Additionally, forming meetings with a mixture of consumers will distinguish important system issues to stimulate a concrete solution. Data Flow In the development of the San Diego shared lead office, the data will be in retreat. Employees who update private information and distinguish ownerships, will earn access to a share of the HRS report. The achievement of controlled region cabins will be a resourceful technique to ensure that all employees have acquired the approach to the Radian's intranet.Processes At the shared head office, the human possessions structure will accrue all files related through the HRS sector events on the main attendant. The most recent HRS structure will be composed of the following, and will be available to all employees in the development of Radian's intranet: a) Employee files – Consist of recommences, presentation appraises, and significant material. B) Job descriptions – List of employment duties and informative obligations. C) Electronic Job posting – Will tender many settings with a rec ord of occupation openings. D) Employee handbook – Electronic instruction manual accessible for the employees. ) Policies and procedures – Documentation of the corporate guidelines forces and working standards. F) Employee file updates – Delegates the employees to advice about individual information. G) Recruitment – For significant Job opportunities, employing skilled applicants. The following records stream graph will display the process that the HRS sector will use for new employees. The process will be performed by on-site recruiters. Administrators of the HRS plan will get total access, and subordinate evils of administration will be allowed access to the information relevant to their Job functions.By the restricted area computers, the consumer reference point will authorize the HRS panel to approach the workstation assistant. Interfaces and Networks Explanation of the new system will connect the information in different sites, and will be the primar y step in mounting the system building. Ordain Manufacturing has an equipped system in arrangement that will subscribe to every site to converse and release ten International. I en Inventive unman resources system installed on shared H. Q. NAS Omega system storage space.

Journal assignment mechanistic

These systems and their parts do not have purposes of their own. They have essential parts that make the whole to function for example, a clock that operates by being dictated by its internal structure and automobile which serves its purpose of driver and passenger and it can not move by its own without the driver. Mechanistic can be open if it is affected by external events or closed if unaffected by external conditions. For example, earth is an open system because its movement is influenced by other bodies in the solar system. ORGANIC SYSTEM These are purposeful systems whose parts cannot function on their own. The purpose for the system is survival. For example, lungs cannot survive on themselves but they extract oxygen from the environment for the person to survive. In order for organic system to survive they must interact with the environment and understand the properties and behavior (Morgan, 1996) Organizations or groups which we belong to are mechanistic This is because there is distribution of tasks and duties are shared among members of the group. People specialize in what they can perform best and in areas where they can be most productive for the benefit of the whole group or organization. Every individual aims at improving the assigned job rather than accomplishing it. Rights and regulations are well defined in order to make sure that each members demand is taken care of. There are technical methods of productions which includes the use of modern technology in production to offer quality goods and services. The structure of control is hierchial based on knowledge where the managers are the most experienced people and other follow. At the top we have reconciliation and assessments of tasks that are perform to ensure they are done to the desired standards. The communication is vertical, which is between superior and subodinates and instructions are issued by superiors who also make decisions. One condition of group membership is being loyal and obedience to the superiors. Examples are: cyber cafà © that offer computer based services like internet, typing and printing. There are Automobile factories that buy and sell vehicles and a club store. HOW RAPID CHANGE AFFECT VARIOUS TYPES OF ORGANIZATION There will be insecurity and fear of the unknown because, the organization does not known what will follow after the rapid change and is not certain of its existence in future. If rapid change occurs in an informal group, it can cause the individual group to be transferred. There will be economic loss due to lay off of staff due to change in automation or computerization. Inconveniencies will arise if the new techniques have to be learned because it will require money and time in order to learn them. The employees will feel that they have no control over their destiny and are not certain of their tomorrow whether they will still be working. This will make them loose morale in their work because they are not motivated. HOW RAPID ECHNOLOGICAL/TELECOMMUNICATION/ECONOMIC CHANGE AFFECT THE FOLLOWING FIRMS Auto manufacturer Change will transform processes through which inputs which include labor and raw materials are converted into finished goods and services. This will result to new goods being produced by use of significant innovation process that required a lot of money to implement it. Consumers will need to be contacted through sales promotion which can be done by use of television in order to create awareness about the new improved product that serve the taste and preference of consumers.(Schein,1992) Television firms If the economy goes up, the firm will charge large amount of money for advertisement and because people prefer low price, the number of customer who will use the service will be few making the firm to have reduced revenue from its services. People will prefer to use modern television technology therefore the firm will have to install it which can be costly and may not have been budgeted from the beginning. The purchase price of modern technology of television is expensive and requires ample time to buy it. A university This will result to change in everything including the organization structure. New departments will come up and new faculties. New lecturers will be required or training for the already existing ones. Payment of employees will go up and this will also result to rise in fees to be paid by all the students. The subject combination of all the students will have to change and some will feel that they will have to transfer to other universities that offer the subjects of their choice. There will be numerous challenges due to need for more opportunities to do research to be in line with the change. Due to change, new managers will need to be employed and this will require additional finance. The things that will have been preserved so that they can be used in future will have to be changed and this is total loss because they are durable and will not be of any more use. State employment and job training corps State funds will be used to implement change because there will be need for skill upgrading of employees in the state. The state initiatives will have to avail retraining programs in the use of the new technology. These changes will lead to job displacement and job changes because some positions will be of no more use and will need to be replaced. (Schein) There will be job training committee that will be selected and training corps who will provide special programs on technological change to let the union officials respond to change effectively. This training will be made more accessible, convenient and cheap. A small rural Baptist church Rapid technological change will affect mission work because the machines used to amplify sound will need to be changed and use more improved ones which may be expensive to buy. The language used in churches will need to be improved from vernacular to national and international language in order to avoid racial discrimination and reach the gospel everywhere. Media will need to be used to preach the gospel and this will require money to pay for TV programs. PTA for elementary school in a neighborhood where most parents work in the tourism and travel industry The school will have to install the new technology which will require a lot of money. Failure to this, most parents will transfer their children to school where there is new technology. This change in technology will affect parent who are not able economically to pay for the new technology. The school will need to employ new teachers who have experience in the new technology. The students will need to change some subjects and learn new ones which require extra effort and more time. ADVANTAGES OF TOP-DOWN ORGANIZATIONS The organization focuses on utilization of resources which is from individual managed application. The available resources are put into profitable use and none of them is wasted. This leads to high quality output produced at reduced cost. The management looks for solution of all the processes to be carried out to make sure that the mission and vision of the organization is achieved through proper planning of all the activities to be carried out. When phases for management application are completed, a deeper and more mature implementation will be established for identity in management solution. The maintenance and operation resources in top-down organizations are not impacted severely in the beginning. Their visibility is high because everybody is able to observe changes as they happen in their place of work and also observe the shared values in the organization.(Morgan) There is confidence because, team get the opportunity to experiment new practices due to the backing of sponsors. Transparency is observed and mistakes are collected at initial stages and practices are consistent with the vision of the company. ADVANTAGES OF MORE ORGANIC ORGANIZATIONS Collective marketing enable farmers enjoy benefits of economies of scale because buyers want to deal with organizations rather than individual farmers. Training is provided on organic production to ensure that products are of high quality and meet the desired standards in order to generate more revenue. The organization is able to comply with international standards required to be met   for the product to be consumed. Sample inspection is done on few farmers and this helps to reduce the cost of certification that could have been done on individual farmers. Consumers are willing to pay more for organically produced goods and services because they belief they are the best and they enjoy competitive advantage in marketing because their products are well known to customers. WHICH OFFER THE MOST UPWARD MOBILITY FOR EMPLOYEES Top-down organization offers upward mobility of employees because the encourage employees to work hard and give rewards to employees based on performance. The management is also accountable for staffing and experienced staffs are recruited to do the job. The employees turn over is low because of various promotions given to employees once they stay for sometime in the organization. There is no discrimination and all employees are treated equally with no favors. REFERENCES Gareth Morgan; Images of Organizations; Sage publications; 1996 Edger Schein; Organizational Culture and Leadership; Jossey-Bass; l992                        

Survey Essays

Survey Essays Survey Essay Survey Essay Survey Name: Course: Date: Survey Results: The study was conducted manly on the students of the institution who were classified into four groups namely freshmen, sophomore, junior and senior students. The sophomore constituted the largest numbers in the study as they made up 35% of the population, the juniors constituted 15% of the population, the freshmen 15% and the seniors constituted 25% of the population size in the study. This was paramount to obtain a clarified view in terms of preferences in shopping stores and their trends in consumption and purchases. 62% of the participants in the survey indicated that they preferred to make purchases from corporations, whereas 38% of the participants indicated that they preferred to make purchases from local stores. Key: Series 1- Large Corporations; Series 2 – Local Stores

Learn About the Peripheral Nervous System

Learn About the Peripheral Nervous System The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and a complex network of neurons. This system is responsible for sending, receiving, and interpreting information from all parts of the body. The nervous system monitors and coordinates internal organ function and responds to changes in the external environment. This system can be divided into two parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is composed of the brain and spinal cord, which function to receive, process, and send information to the PNS. The PNS consists of cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and billions of sensory and motor neurons. The primary function of the peripheral nervous system is to serve as a pathway of  communication between the CNS and the rest of the body. While CNS organs have a protective covering of bone (brain-skull, spinal cord- spinal column), the nerves of the PNS are  exposed and more vulnerable to injury. Types of Cells There are two types of cells in the peripheral nervous system. These cells carry information to (sensory nervous cells) and from (motor nervous cells) the central nervous system. Cells of the sensory nervous system send information to the CNS from internal organs or from external stimuli.  Motor nervous system cells carry information from the CNS to organs, muscles, and glands. Somatic and Autonomic Systems The motor nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. The somatic nervous system controls skeletal muscle, as well as external sensory organs, such as the skin. This system is said to be voluntary because the responses can be controlled consciously. Reflex reactions of skeletal muscle, however, are an exception. These are involuntary reactions to external stimuli. The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary muscles, such as smooth and cardiac muscle. This system is also called the involuntary nervous system. The autonomic nervous system can further be divided into parasympathetic, sympathetic, enteric divisions. The parasympathetic division functions to inhibit or slow down autonomic activities such as  heart rate, pupil constriction, and bladder contraction. The nerves of the sympathetic division often have an opposite effect when they are located within the same organs as parasympathetic nerves. Nerves of the sympathetic division speed up heart rate, dilate pupils and relax the bladder. The sympathetic system is also involved in the flight or fight response. This is a response to potential danger that results in accelerated heart rate and an increase in metabolic rate. The enteric division of the autonomic nervous system controls the gastrointestinal system. It is composed of two sets of neural networks located within the walls of the digestive tract. These neurons control activities such as digestive motility and blood flow within the digestive system. While the enteric nervous system can function independently, it also has connections with CNS allowing for the transfer of sensory information between the two systems. Division The peripheral nervous system is divided into the following sections: Sensory Nervous System- sends information to the CNS from internal organs or from external stimuli.Motor Nervous System- carries information from the CNS to organs, muscles, and glands.Somatic Nervous System- controls skeletal muscle as well as external sensory organs.Autonomic Nervous System- controls involuntary muscles, such as smooth and cardiac muscle.Sympathetic- controls activities that increase energy expenditures.Parasympathetic- controls activities that conserve energy expenditures.Enteric- controls digestive system activity. Connections Peripheral nervous system connections with various organs and structures of the body are established through cranial nerves and spinal nerves. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves in the brain that establish connections in the head and upper body, while 31 pairs of spinal nerves do the same for the rest of the body. While some cranial nerves contain only sensory neurons, most cranial nerves and all spinal nerves contain both motor and sensory neurons.

Marcating communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Marcating communication - Essay Example To make IMC an ongoing successful process, Unilever needs to allocate funds for this purpose separately and ensure that it maintains reserves so that it can smoothly carry on with its promotional strategies. This would enable the company to run its promotional campaigns smoothly without suffering significant bottlenecks. Marketing communication has become one of the most important aspects that an organisation needs to pay attention to as adoption of proper marketing tools determines the success of the company and its long term sustainability in the industry as a whole. The art of communicating the features of a product to the customers determines whether the product would be an instant hit or would be killed in its early stage of its life cycle. Unilever is one of the leading company’s in the consumer goods market offering a host of products starting from consumer durables to personal care and food items. Being a large organisation with almost 400 well–established brands, the company has felt the increasing need of integrating the various tools of communication to reach its consumers at large and convince them to use their products. The company has adopted IMC approach to build its niche in the market. This has helped the company to steer its growth in the industry and attract increasing number of customers. Though IMC offers a host of advantages but it also has its own set of disadvantages. The company has estimated that it needs to adopt proper strategies in order to offset the demerits of IMC. To differentiate itself from its competitors, the company has adopted unique modes of communication and has designed its advertisements in such a way that it attracts increasing number of customers. This has made prod ucts of Unilever one of the most demanding amongst the customers across the globe Integrated Marketing

Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Technology - Essay Example Ideas such as the "bigger is better" now became meaningless. And this transform paved the way for the development of smaller, faster and more reliable machines. In its initial stages, the computer was distant from the American public. Most of the American thought that computers were a sort of alien systems for which they had no use in daily life. Computer developers tried to change that idea by making their systems smaller and easy to find. As a result of this approach, computer technology became well attached to the roots of the American lifestyle by the early eighties of the 21st century. Computers were now sufficiently developed and available to satisfy customer's requirements. Ideas for computer applications were also developed and introduced new banking, entertainment and shopping practices. The development of the integrated circuit in the early 1960's made possible the design and construction of affordable computers that were very accurate and were also small enough to be deployed in an office or a classroom. The video display terminal and the multi-tasking abilities of those new computers made them a popular choice. As a result, ATM machines were introduced for the first time. The early ATM machines were not dependent on a centralized computer network; however, their popularity was on the rise. By the early 1980's, the ATM security was increased, and the machine became a public necessity in the United States. The ATM machine began to appear in different shops and stores. And by the mid eighties, 40 percent of the customers completed about 50 percent of their banking transactions using ATMs. The video game development serves as the best example of how the American entertainment routine was transformed. Steve Russell's "space war" was the first such game developed in 1962. At that time, Russell was MIT graduate student. In his game, a spacecraft was represented by two dots. The dots were controlled by two separate switches. This game became very popular all over the United States, especially among students, and it makes the beginning of the video game industry. In early 1968, "Odyssey", the first home video game system was introduced by Ralph Baer. Crude graphic lines were created by deploying 40 diodes in the system. In 1972, The Odyssey system appeared in the market and thus opened the way for competition in the field. In the same year, Nolan Bushnell announced the foundation of Atari that created the first commercially flourishing coin-based "pong". This was a simple ping-pong video game where large number scores are possible. It was first displayed in California at a club in Sunnyvale. The public was amazed. In 1977, Atari decided to enter the video entertainment market after pong's astonishing success. Their experience was not initially successful, however, the VCS or video computer system designed by Atari sold about 15 million units and thus Atari was now one of the building blocks of the American home entertainment industry. In addition to the home systems, other public consoles were designed by the company and by early 1980's over a million such systems were spread over the entire country. The American lifestyle and video games were now integrated. Computer technology also transformed the music industry. Robert Moog, a Cornell University PhD student, created the first